In order to analyze the influence of liquid sloshing on roll stability of the sprayer, the equivalent mechanical model of liquid sloshing was introduced. A multi-degree-of-freedom model of the sprayer was established that includes the effect of liquid sloshing. An E-level road spectrum was constructed based on sinusoid superposition method according to the grade of the field ground unevenness, and the roll stability of the sprayer under these excitations was investigated. The effects of liquid filling ratio and driving speed were analyzed. The results show that the roll angle decreases with the increase of filling ratio at low speed, but the situation is opposite at high speed. The vertical acceleration of the vehicle body decreases to some extent under some situations due to the presence of the liquid. In general, both the roll angle and the vertical acceleration increase with the increase of the driving speed, especially in the case of existing liquid sloshing.

To solve the problems of high error on both sides and high coefficient of variation during liquid manure distribution, this work designed a distribution mechanism integrating conveying, stirring and distribution functions, combined with the physical properties of selected liquid manure. Taking rotor speed, inlet flow and moving cutter structure as test factors, the Design-Expert 8.0.6 software was used to design "three-factor three-level quadratic regression" orthogonal test and establish response surface regression model. Through observing relative error and coefficient of variation, uniform distribution characteristics test and parameter optimization of liquid manure were performed. The results showed that the primary and secondary order of influencing factors on the relative error is rotor speed> inlet flow > moving cutter structure; the primary and secondary order of influencing factors on the coefficient of variation is inlet flow > moving cutter structure> rotor speed. Further, the optimization test indicated that 170 r/min rotor speed, 80 m3/h inlet flow, combined with arc-shaped moving cutter structure could output 10.50% relative error and 9.30% variation rate, which was less than 5% relative to the model predicted value.

For accurate recognition of orange fruit targets, a detection algorithm based on YOLOv4 was applied in this research. The results showed that AP (average precision) of YOLOv4 had reached 98.17%, 2.14% and 2.67% respectively higher than SSD and Faster RCNN while recognition rate of traditional image processing algorithms was merely 54.94%. Additionally, the extent of occlusion was proved to have obvious influences on the accuracy of orange detection. The accuracy on slight occlusion conditions appeared to be higher than that on serious occlusion conditions. Generally, YOLOv4 detection algorithm showed its feasibility and superiority on fruit detection in the complex natural environment.

New intensive cattle farm is being built with government support in order to meet the self-sufficiency of milk and meat products for Mongolian residents, keep stability, and reduce the seasonal dependence for food supply. It is urgent for us now to produce the mixed feed that is suitable for livestock type and age in the intensive farming. The feeding scientific approach should be specially paid attention to when using the multifunctional Total Mixed Ration (TMR) machine and effectively applying the TMR technology. When using the feed mixer TMR machine, it is necessary to optimize the main parameters of the machine operation and determine the mode parameters according to the characteristics of the grass, the amount of roughage, concentrated feed, additive and ingredients used in the preparation of mixed fodder. This paper made an experiment in Total Mixed Ration (TMR) machine and provided research results combined the parameters of feed mixing uniformity, palate ratio, subdivision rate, rotor speed, mixing times and feed moisture.

The paper presents the design process of a Venturi injector, by checking and choosing a type of material with physical-mechanical properties necessary to obtain the best possible results during the work process. The injector is part of the solution recovery system from the vineyard spraying machine and was made with the FDM manufacturing technology by selectively depositing of molten material in a predetermined path, layer by layer. Materials used were ABSpro™, MagicFil™ Thermo PLA and Onyx. The presented results allow useful recommendations for the making of other components of agricultural machines using 3D modeling and printing technology.

Aiming at the difficult problem of contact sampling of plant in complex geographical environment, a remote-controlled sampling method using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is proposed. After configuration, mechanism parameter analysis & optimization, and dynamic analysis, a special lightweight sampling manipulator that integrates plant stem-and-leaf sample capture, cutting and storage is designed. The designed sampling manipulator is composed of a ball screw nut transmission pair and a symmetrical double-offset slider rocker. The minimum transmission angle of the rocker is 63.435°, the maximum opening displacement of the manipulator claw is 131 mm, and the cutting pressure is 226 N. Tests and experiments show that the sample manipulator has a mass of 2.35 kg, a cutting pressure of 214 N, and a maximum open displacement of the manipulator claws of 126 mm. It can be controlled locally or remotely using a UAV to grab, cut and storage plant samples with a diameter greater than 5 mm. The reliability of the sampling manipulator design and the feasibility of the sampling method are verified.

In order to reduce the problems of high grain breakage rate and uncleaned material rate in the threshing and separating device of longitudinal axial flow corn, a threshing device of "front flexible nail tooth + rear pressure spring elastic short grain rod" was designed and the threshing elements were arranged spirally on the conical threshing drum. Discrete element method and field test were used to verify the feasibility of threshing drum design, and EDEM simulation software was used to obtain the appropriate guide plate Angle parameter range. Single factor test was carried out on each experimental factor under high and low water content conditions, and four factors suitable working range was obtained.On this basis, four factors and three levels orthogonal test were carried out on grain breakage rate and undepurated rate, rotational speed of roller, feeding rate, cylinder-concave clearance and deflector angle as experimental factors. Range and variance analysis were used to analyze the rotational speed of roller, feeding rate, cylinder-concave clearance and deflector angle. The results showed that:Under the conditions of low water content, the threshing effect is the best under the conditions of feeding rate of 8kg/s,rotational speed of roller of 450 r/min, cylinder-concave clearance of 45 mm, and deflector angle of 70°.Under the conditions of high water content,the best threshing effect was achieved under the conditions of feeding rate of 7kg/s, rotational speed of roller of 450 r/min, cylinder-concave clearance of 40 mm and deflector angle of 75°. Compared with the conventional threshing separation device, the grain breakage rate of low moisture content decreased by 39.4% and the uncleaned material rate decreased by 63.9%.The grain breakage rate of high moisture content was reduced by 45.5%, and the uncleaned material rate was reduced by 66.7%, which was better than the conventional longitudinal axial flow threshing separation device. The research results can provide reference for the design and optimization of longitudinal axial flow corn harvester.

Early diagnosis and accurate identification of fine-grained tomato diseases can control the spread of diseases and insect infections, thus ensuring the healthy development of the tomato industry. In this paper, four lightweight models of Tiny-AlexNet and Mid-AlexNet based on AlexNet and Tiny-VGG16 and Mid-VGG16 based on VGG16 were proposed for 5 kinds of early and late leaf diseases such as tomato powdery mildew. The computation speed of the model is accelerated by reducing the number of neurons in the fully connected layer. In order to avoid degradation in network training, data extension technology is introduced to prevent model overfitting. Among them, the Mid-VGG16 model is significantly better than accurate in early disease recognition, thus verifying the effectiveness of the lightweight model. The proposed model not only improves the accuracy, but also reduces the test time. The results were tested across 20 655 data sets on early and advanced disease. Compared with the traditional model, the average prediction accuracy of the proposed model is improved by about 0.15%, and the detection time is significantly reduced by about 50%. The improved model has strong robustness and high stability. The model can be used to accurately identify early diseases and facilitate real-time detection and prevention of tomato diseases.

The chemical composition, physical properties (moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, ash content, thousand grain weight, bulk density) and grain microstructure were evaluated for different varieties of sorghum grain cultivated in Ukraine. Sorghum varieties (Dniprovsky, Kafrske, and Fulgus) were subjected to different preconditioning and process parameters of microwave heating to determine the popping characteristics of the grain. Each of the three sorghum varieties was pretreated by moisture conditioning up to 13, 15, and 17%, and popped in a microwave oven set at 450, 600 and 700 W for 150 s. Popping yield was insufficient for all sorghum varieties at microwave power 450 W and grain moisture content of 13 and 17%. Popping characteristics (popping yield, popping start, specific weight of popped grain and volume expansion ratio) and organoleptic properties were measured. Thousand grain weight, bulk density, protein, ash, crude fiber content, pericarp, aleurone, and translucent endosperm thickness were found to be significantly different among the three sorghum varieties. Varietal characteristics of sorghum grain had a strong impact on volume expansion ratio, which was negatively correlated with the size of the grain. The Fulgus grain variety showing the highest popping characteristics was found to have higher thousand grain yield (31.9 g), higher bulk density (869.8 g/dm3), lower protein (8.03%), ash (1.35%) and crude fiber (2.01%) content, thinner but well-packed pericarp (31 µm), thinner aleurone (9 µm) and thicker translucent endosperm (1.1 mm) than other varieties.

Current experimental and theoretical methods of research of jet elements used in agricultural means of mechanization are considered in the article. The work processes and aerodynamic flows in power jet elements have been researched on the basis of simulation modeling in ANSYS Fluent software environment. Elements for application in seeding systems of sowing machines were developed as a result of modeling. Dimensional, power characteristics and operation modes were optimized in the developed elements. Application of new jet elements produced as a result of modeling provides improvement of technical and economic characteristics of seeding systems and sowing machines.

With the rapid development of agricultural modernization, the reliability of agricultural machinery had become the key to improving the development level of agricultural machinery and equipment in China. Aiming at the problems of subjectivity, fuzziness, high test cost and difficult data acquisition in the Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis of grain harvester, an FMECA analysis method based on Data Mining Technology was proposed in this paper. In this study, Python 3.7.8 is used to collect and process the fault data of the header of the grain harvester. According to the data analysis, it is concluded that the fault rate of the cutter component is the highest in the whole system. Then the agreed hierarchy of header was analyzed by Analytic Hierarchy Process, and it was concluded that the blade part failure mode was the most hazardous. The results show that the grain harvester should strengthen the inspection and maintenance of the blade of the cutter in the working process. The research results showed the feasibility of the FMECA method based on Data Mining Technology in agricultural machinery reliability analysis, which opens up a new idea of grain combine harvesters’ reliability analysis and provides the possibility to obtain the reliability level of harvesters with low input.

Analytical relations for determining the headland width when making T-turns by a machine-tractor unit with a mounted machine on an irregularly-shaped field have been specified. Five types of T-turns are described in two variants – open turn and closed turn. Each of these is done in two directions of movement. A total of 20 variants of the turns are described. The method for determining the headland width of a specific machine-tractor unit consisting by a tractor and mounted row seeder is demonstrated. For each type of turn the headland width is determined according to the angle between the direction of movement of the agricultural unit and the field border. A range of angle modification from 10° to 90° is adopted. The analysis show that for obtaining minimum headland width closed turns in left to right direction of movement should not be made. The smallest theoretical headland width is when making a closed T-turn with arch-shaped backward movement and left-to-right direction of movement on the field. When using T-turns with an arch-shaped backward movement and T-turns with straight ahead movement when entering the headland, the actual headland width is the same (6 m) regardless of the type and direction of the turn.

Calibrating the contact parameters when carrying out the seed pelletizing coating test could improve the simulation tests accuracy. In this paper, alfalfa seeds and coated powders (hereafter referred to as seeds and powders) are used as the main object of study to calibrate their contact parameters, using the Hertz-Mindlin no-slip model and the JKR model to calibrate the contact parameters between seeds, between seed and steel plates (coating pot materials), between powder materials, between powder and steel plates, based on EDEM using the angle of repose as the response value to perform the Plackett-Burman test, the steepest ascent experiment, and the Box-Behnken test in turn to obtain the best combination of particle contact parameters, finally conducting physical angle of repose tests for comparison; when calibrating the contact parameters of seed and powder, the physical examinations and the simulation tests are combined to obtain the contact parameters through quadratic regression fitting equations. The difference between the contact parameter combinations obtained from the simulation tests and the physical test results is less than 1%, which provides some reference for calibrating similar fine seeds and powder parameters.

The paper presents investigation of the temperature and heating velocity during rebuilding (reconditioning) of worn-out agricultural machinery parts by automatic electric arc weld deposition. The temperature has been measured in a control section located at exact distance from the deposited coatings in order to study heating in areas of the parts which don’t need to be treated. The obtained graphical results for the specified parameters are used to select an appropriate scheme for the implementation of the process, from the point of view of reducing the thermal influence on the rebuilt machine parts.

The measurement and control system of Eriocheir sinensis, the Chinese mitten crab, could increase its survival rate and quality effectively. Based on the analysis and design of the system, the parameter ranges for major factors of water quality during crab breeding process were determined. Sensors of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature were used to detect the value of pH, DO, and temperature. LabVIEW, a virtual instrument technology, was used to monitor water quality parameters during crab breeding process, thereby controlling the relay of inlet valve, water valve and oxygen valve by comparing the actual figures with normal parameter. This technology was used to perform the adjustment of water quality parameters respectively to achieve automatic control. In order to test the performance of the system, the monitoring time, stocking density and planting density were taken as experiment factors, and the error rate of the monitoring index was taken as evaluation index. The verification experiment results show that pH, DO and temperature monitoring errors were less than 10%, under the maximum constraint conditions of experiment factors, which meet the design requirements.

The paper, combined with structural characteristics of mechanical seed metering devices and air-suction seed metering devices, designs a multi-mode seed metering device. According to installation of seed holding rings and application of negative pressure, three modes (mechanical mode, air-suction mode and combination of air-suction mode and mechanical mode) can be realized. JPS-12 seed metering performance test benches and high-speed camera are used for indoor tests. According to results, under the mechanical mode, advancing speed has a significant effect on seed metering performance. At a low speed, the qualification rate is maintained at about 96%; with advancing speed increased, the qualification rate decreases significantly. Seed spacing variation coefficient gradually increases with speed increased and stabilizes at about 30%. Under the air suction mode, negative pressure and advancing speed have a significant effect on qualification rate and miss seeding rate. With negative pressure increased, qualification rate increases while miss seeding rate decreases. Negative pressure has no significant effect on seed spacing variation coefficient, but advancing speed has a significant effect on seed spacing variation coefficient. With speed increased, seed spacing variation coefficient increases significantly. Under the multi-mode, advancing speed and negative pressure have a significant effect on qualification rate and miss seeding rate. Negative pressure has no significant effect on seed spacing variation coefficient, but advancing speed has a significant effect on seed spacing variation coefficient. Upon comparison of three modes, when speed is 6 km/h, qualification rate of air suction mode is close to multi-mode, which is significantly higher than that of mechanical mode. When speed is 8-12 km/h, qualification rate of multi-mode is significantly higher than that of air suction work. With negative pressure increased, gap between them gradually decreases.

The nutrient solution circulation system is an important aspect to succeed in hydroponic cultivation. The surface height of the nutrient solution difference in the gravity system is part of the nutrient solution circulation system that uses electronic controls. It consists of a nutrient solution tub with a barrier separating the nutrient solution surface height. The nutrient solution tub is connected via a pipe to a drum containing a nutrient solution where its EC and pH are automatically controlled. The flow of the nutrient solution through the partition is necessary so that there is no shortage of nutrient solution in the tub containing a submersible pump due to pumping.

Harvesting of oleaginous flax seeds creates a biomass of stem residues that needs to be processed or utilized. Many methods of processing this biomass into various products (fiber, fuel, composites, etc.) have been offered. The first step in processing oleaginous flax residue is spinning it into rolls. However, oleaginous flax stems have highly elasticity properties and quick recovering abilities which make residue processing difficult. This paper suggests methods of decreasing the elasticity properties of oleaginous flax residue by destroying the higher layer of stem – decortication. Elasticity properties are influenced by layer thickness, humidity, and the amount of flax breakage as it passes through the roller pairs of a roller machine (decorticator). An increase in humidity and in the number of passes through the decorticator makes elasticity properties decrease. It allows making rolls that will keep their shape for a long period without any additional influences. In the future, these rolls can be used as a fuel or for a longer processing. The research results show a correlation with the rational number of machine roller pairs which can be used to develop new engineering designs for oleaginous flax harvesting.

As in the case of humans, in the case of plants grown in protected areas, specific microclimate conditions must be ensured for their optimal development during the growing season. The development of plants is the result of their own genetic characteristics, but this is influenced by the microclimate conditions in the environment in which they grow. In the growing areas, the specific microclimate conditions must be strictly monitored. On the other hand, in the context of climate change and urbanization, there has been a need to develop specialized modules for vegetable production. Growing vegetables on urban farms is an increasingly used concept internationally. In this sense, a team of researchers from the INMA and HORTING Institutes in Bucharest - Romania has developed a collaborative project, which aims to investigate the main microclimate parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, CO2 concentration and light radiation intensity inside a prototype urban farm for research, in which green vegetables and microplants can be grown. Due to the complexity of the phenomena that take place in the closed spaces of culture, the amount of information necessary for the complete quantification of the variables of microclimate factors depends both on the intensity of the thermo-physical processes and on the accuracy of the measuring instruments used. This paper presents the preliminary results of the investigation of the main microclimate parameters within the experimental module. This module is a good laboratory tool that could be used in a series of research on the influence of light radiation on certain characteristics of microplants or vegetable seedlings. Analyzing the influence of the light radiation that reaches the plants, it can be seen that they have a great influence on the way they grow.

Mathematical model for designing the surface geometry of the Roots pump rotor based on the Cassini oval principle was derived. The polar coordinate system was used, and the radius vector, the direction of which was set by the f angle, characterizes the location of the point on the surface of the rotor. The distance of this point from the axis of rotor rotation was set by the calculated value of the ?_R polar radius vector. The ? angle of rotors rotation characterizes their mutual orientation in the plane of rotation. Peculiarities of the choice of the a and b parameters that satisfy the shape of the rotor surface geometry are considered. An example of rotor geometry is given for rotor radius R = 50 mm, rotor rounding radius r = 20 mm, parameters a = 33.166 and b = 28. Rotor geometry depends on normalized parameters of a and b, which are constant for a given shape of the surface and constructive dimensions. A mathematical model of the usable cross-sectional area of the pump has been developed. The usable cross-sectional area of the pump was simulated by the geometry of the rotors. The area of the rotor was determined by the geometry of the surface, which was described by an elliptic integral of the 2nd kind. The usable cross-sectional area for the given parameters is modelled. The results of simulation in the form of graphical dependences are given. Parameters a and b must meet the condition of v2/2

The lack of accurate simulation model parameters of cotton straw in the conveying process causes large differences between simulation effects and actual operation, which to a certain extent limits the development of conveying devices. In this paper, Xinjiang cotton straw was used as the test material. The angle of repose of cotton straw was measured by the cylinder lifting method. The Hertz-Mindlin no-slip model was applied to simulate the angle of repose of cotton straw. Using Box-Behnken optimization research and development of key components such as the cotton straw preparation test, the regression equation of cotton straw was obtained, and the variance and interaction effect of the regression model analysis. The regression model was used to find the optimal solution in Design-Expert software with the angle of repose of 28.62º, the collision recovery coefficient between cotton straws was 0.5, the static friction factor was 0.41, and the rolling friction factor was 0.06, and the collision recovery coefficient between cotton straw and steel was 0.5, the static friction factor was 0.37, and the rolling friction factor was 0.08, with an angle of repose error of 1.04%. It shows that the contact parameters are highly reliable and can be used to propose a theoretical reference for the development of cotton straw conveying device in Xinjiang region.

Slaked lime finds wide application in agriculture. For convenient use lime is often packed in plastic bags. The common equipment for these purposes has a number of disadvantages. The article presents the design of an experimental machine for packing slaked lime in polyethylene containers, which ensures high efficiency and has a wide range and accuracy of packing by weight. As a result of experiments, regression dependence was obtained and an assessment was made of the rotational frequency impact of the machine working body, depending on the design parameters of the mechanism. It has been established that the dominant factor affecting the efficiency value is the rotation frequency of the working body n and the lowest factor of impact is the machine outlet pipe diameter.

The relevance of research is conditioned upon the need to improve the efficiency of plot combines for harvesting sunflower seed crops. Experimental studies were carried out by planning and staging multifactorial experiments. The dependence of the force factors influence on the seed shedding from a sunflower basket was obtained based on the laboratory studies results. This dependence makes it possible to evaluate the influence of the parameters of the harvester header on the value of seed losses from shedding. The study made it possible to substantiate the design of the header attachment of the plot combine, consisting of a three-blade reel, box-type dividers and side shields. An experimental sample of the header attachment to the “Sampo-500” grain harvester has been developed and manufactured. Experimental studies of the influence of the speed of the combine movement and the coefficient of the operation kinematic mode of the reel to the developed device on the quality indicators of the harvesting of sunflower crops seeds were carried out.

Aiming at the problems of the existing potato cultivator in cultivation, such as poor effect and easy damage to seedlings, the composition structure and tillage principle of the cultivator is analyzed. Furthermore, in order to determine the volume of soil thrown by the soil-cultivating disc, that is, the main tilling indexes of JB/T7864-1999"Test methods of cultivator-fertilizer", this study makes a theoretical analysis on the dynamics of tilling device and the kinematics of tilling operation, to obtain the structural and motion parameters affecting soil cultivation. The discrete element simulation software is used for single-factor simulation analysis, to obtain the linear relationship between each factor and soil cultivation. Taking the tillage depth, cultivator forward speed and disc diameter as the factors, and the soil cultivating height as the test index, a field three-factor and three-level orthogonal test was carried out, and the optimal parameter combination was selected. The results showed that with the increase of the disc diameter and tillage depth, the cultivating height increased, and with the increase of the cultivator forward speed, the cultivating height increased first and then decreased. Through the orthogonal test of factors and the analysis of range and variance, it is determined that when the tillage depth is 105 mm, the operating speed is 5.5 km/h and the disc diameter is 475 mm, the effect of soil-cultivating disc is optimal. The results are also verified by the field test, and it can lay a foundation for the optimal design of potato cultivator.

The research was conducted experimentally to know the role of perforated plates variations and the directions of the magnetic fields on flame characteristics of coconut oil in premix combustion. The results that the variation of the perforated greatly affects flame stability and temperature. Perforated plate 11 produces a more stable flame at higher reactant speeds. The attractive magnetic field plays a role in increasing the laminar combustion speed perforated 7 with a temperature is 659 °C because the spin electrons accelerated the breaking of the O2 carbon chain bonds in fuel.

The research carried out in this paper aimed to create a communication network for a fleet of agricultural vehicles by means of which to transmit and receive information on the status of work, working time, processed areas, number of machines used and much more necessary information. Communication is based on GSM and WiFi standards, which bring the most secure security standards in data protection to this network. The major advantage of the solution presented is that all the important information is concentrated in one place. The proposed communication system consists of a mobile device that routes the WiFi network on a GSM network that has a minimum 3G standard but also works with 5G, depending on the GSM operator and the devices that are mounted on vehicles, which communicate over the WiFi network. The communication device was mounted on an electric tractor, where it was powered by the tractor s power source. In this communication architecture, the vehicle transmitted information to a control centre and also to other vehicles in the vicinity. The system was able to receive data from other devices, authorized in the system, which could be fixed in the field. The collected data were transmitted to a server in a remote location. The obtained results showed a decrease of signal strength while getting further away from the tractor, with good results up to 100 m radius.

Aiming at the problems of low efficiency, and low degree of mechanization of artificial soil clearing and considering that grapevines are easy to be damaged in northern China, a brush roll grapevine cold-proof soil clearing device suitable for removing soil in northern grape planting areas is studied and designed. The machine is mainly composed of a suspension device, soil removing device, hydraulic control system, telescopic device, etc. In this paper, a brush roll grapevine cold-proof soil clearing device was fabricated to investigate critical parameters such as rotation rate of soil removing device, brush spacing, and brush wire length on the machine performance. The three-factor and three-level quadratic regression orthogonal tests were carried out with the rotation rate of soil removing device, brush spacing, and brush wire length were taken as experimental factors and the soil removal rate and soil clearing distance were used as the evaluation indexes of soil clearing effect. The results show that the influence order of three factors on the soil removal rate was: rotation rate of soil removing device > brush spacing > brush wire length. The order of influence on the soil clearing distance was: rotation rate of soil removing device > brush wire length > brush spacing. The results show that when the rotation rate of the soil removing device was 248.71 r/min, brush spacing was 18.84 mm and brush wire length was 329.3 mm, the soil removal rate was 91.62% and the soil clearing distance was 11.63 cm. The relative error between the experimental verification value and the theoretical optimization value is less than 4%. This study provides the theoretical basis for the development of other types of grapevine coldproof soil clearing devices.

The capability of existing precision seeding for soybean narrow row seeder is limited, to address these limitations; we designed a seed metering device. In this study, the structure and working principle of a precision seed metering device was analyzed, and the structural parameters of the seed counterbore seeding wheel for the seed metering device was designed and optimized. Field tests were carried out with the working speed, forward speed, and inclined angle as test factors, and the seeding qualified index and variation coefficient of uniformity as test indexes. The results showed that: the influence order of the factors affecting on the seeding qualified index, from high to low, was found to the working speed, inclined angle and forward speed. For the variation coefficient of uniformity, the influence order, from high to low, was as follows: the working speed, forward speed and inclined angle. Based on the optimization analysis performed using the Design Expert 8.0.6, it is concluded that when the working speed, forward speed, and inclined angle are 36.50 r/min, 1.47 m/s, and 4.11°, respectively, the seeding performance was optimal. The seeding qualified index and variation coefficient of uniformity were 90.37% and 12.87%, respectively, to reach the national seeding standard grade. This study provides a research basis and technical reference for the design and development of precision seed devices.

This paper proposed a method of seed potato buds recognition based on improved YOLOv3-tiny. K-means clustering based on IoU is used to obtain the anchor box that meets the size of buds. Mosaic online data enhancement is used to increase image diversity and model generalization ability. The CIoU bounding box regression loss function is introduced to improve the regression effect of buds recognition. The results show that the precision (P), the recall (R), the average precision (AP), and the F1 score of the model for seed potato buds recognition are 88.33%, 85.97%, 91.18% and 87.13% respectively. The real-time recognition speed of seed potato buds on the embedded platform NVIDIA Jetson Nano can reach 40FPS. The method proposed in this paper can meet the needs of real-time recognition of seed potato buds on the embedded platform.

Due to the recent rise in the price of energy and grains, purchasing high-quality pelletized food has caused significant challenges for small and medium-sized fishing farms. The present article aims to assist breeders and farmers with limited financial resources in producing high quality feeder by providing in detail the design and performance of a wet pelletizing equipment. The proposed pelletizing technology demonstrated high efficiency in use, reduced operating expenses, and a high productivity. Four different feed mixes were processed with the pelleting equipment, functioning with a 5 mm die. The experiment results indicated a maximum processing rate of 100 kg/h at an average pelletizing efficiency of 91.5%. The total pelletizing capacity of 0.8 - 1 tons per day is sufficient to provide feed for a medium-sized fishing farm, reducing dependence on the feed market and allowing for a simple nutritional mix customization.

The performance of hole-type metering device influenced the adaption of different rice varieties in the mechanical direct hill-drop seeding technology, and the stepless adjustable sowing amount hole-type metering wheel was designed to solve this problem. The mechanical characteristics of different seeds were analyzed to acquire the parameters including hole diameter, depth, number, diameter of metering wheel and jogger slider mechanism, and the performance of metering wheel was tested on JPS-12 experimental bench by using Yongyou 12, Huanghuazhan and Wanxiang youhuazhan varieties. The hole depth and rotating speeds of metering wheel were the independence variance, the average seed numbers per hole, the coefficient of variance and the cavity rate were taken as the evaluation indexes. The results showed that the metering wheel could sow 3.58~7.82 seeds per hole with less than 40% of the coefficient of variance in average seeds number per hole and less than 5% of the cavity rate, and the regression model of average seed numbers per hole was built by employing the length of seeds, the rotating speed of metering wheel and the hole depth. The correlation coefficient was 0.952, the prediction error of regression mode was 0.32~11.35% by the field experiment. This study could be used for designing the hole-type metering device for rice.

Aiming at the problem that the existing planters cannot accurately maintain the seeding spacing and row spacing in the field, the high-speed photography technology is used to analyze the seeding trajectory, so as to determine the key factors affecting the seeding position. First, a dynamic compensation system for maize seeding position based on fuzzy PID control was designed. In the dynamic compensation system, the biaxial angle sensor was used to detect the angle of seeding monomer, and the space rotation theory was used to calculate the offset of the seeding position. Then, the dynamic compensation of seeding position was completed by the fuzzy PID control servo electric push rod, and the response time of fuzzy PID control system was 0.035 s. When the seed spacing of maize was 30 cm, the conveyor speed was 1.67 m/s and the seed tray speed was 30 r/min. Finally, the bench test was carried out under the conditions of random disturbance signal, sinusoidal wave disturbance signal and random disturbance signal plus sinusoidal wave disturbance signal. The results showed that compared without dynamic compensation, the variation coefficient of the longitudinal grain spacing and the transverse grain spacing decreased by an average of 6.94 % and 9.16 %, respectively. In this way, this study can provide a reference for improving the stability of seeding row spacing and plant spacing.

In this paper, a vertical rotary tillage with fixed-layer fertilizer performance was designed, the design process was introduced. And the fertilization performance was verified by Edem software simulation. The final field test shown that the average tillage depth could reach 26.8cm; the fertilizer layer was concentrated under the soil surface 45-48mm; the width of the fertilizer layer was 238-240mm; the thickness of the fertilizer layer was 223-226mm, which satisfied the design requirements.

The disorder flow of seeds caused by the collision in the seed-guiding tube is one of the important reasons for the reduction of seeding uniformity. For this problem, a seed-guiding tube with brachistochrone considering the influence of friction was presented in this paper. By analyzing kinetics and rotating the equation coordinate system, brachistochrone under the condition of friction was obtained and applied to the design of the structural parameters of the grain conductor of T-groove furrowing device, and a discrete element model of the grain conductor and wheat was established, thus single-factor simulation analysis and quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination simulation tests were conducted to explore the optimal combination of parameters. The test results showed that the seed-guiding tube had a brachistochrone radius of 14.708 mm, a linear length of 500 mm and a working speed of 4 km/h, and the seed spacing offset dispersion degree and the seed lateral offset dispersion degree were 12.26 and 8.53 respectively, which had a high seeding uniformity. The results of the bench validation test showed that the coefficients of variation of the two test evaluation indexes between the bench test results and the virtual simulation results were 10.20% and 8.62% respectively, therefore the simulation results could be used for the optimization of the seed guide tube.

At present, the quality of chopping stalks with the use of a corn combine harvester needs improvement. Therefore, this study aims at designing a hob-type stalk chopping device to be installed under the header which can realize multiple groups of parallel longitudinal arrangements. Moreover, the device will be able to cut and crush the root and the middle and upper parts of the stalks. The performance of a finite element analysis corroborated the satisfactory strength and stiffness of the designed chopping blade as the mechanical requirements. Moreover, the influencing working and structural parameters were determined using a theoretical analysis. Regarding the test factors, i.e., the tip angle of the blades, fixed angle and the rotational speed of chopper shaft, single-factor and central composite design tests were also performed. Furthermore, the percentage of the qualified length of chopped stalk and the power consumption of cutting stalk were taken as the evaluation indexes. Accordingly, the results revealed the influencing parameters to be ordered as the spindle speed > fixed angle > tip angle of the blades. Subsequently, the parameters were optimized using the response surface method. Based on the obtained results, the optimized parameters including the spindle speed, the fixed angle and the tip angle of the blades were specified as 1050 r/min, 56°, and 40°, respectively. The experimental validation was also carried out on the optimal combination of the parameters. The qualified lengths of the chopped stalks were found to be 92.9%, which were consistent with the predicted results of the model. Hence, the test results met the design requirements.

The article presents a study of the design of the working body of a screw conveyor, made in the form of a shaft with inclined flat blades. The productivity of the conveyor with a working body, made in the form of a shaft with inclined flat blades, increases proportionally with an increase in the speed of rotation of the working bodies, and decreases with an increase in the angle of inclination of the fixed body to the horizon. The productivity of the screw conveyor with a working body, made in the form of a shaft with inclined flat blades, increases proportionally with an increase in the speed of rotation of the working bodies, and decreases with an increase in the angle of inclination of the fixed body to the horizon. Within the range of rotational speed from 100 rpm to 600 rpm, productivity increases by 2.0 – 2.4 times, and, when angle of inclination of the fixed body to the horizon changes from 0º to 30º, it decreases by 45 – 55%. It has been established that the productivity of such a conveyor is 1.03 ... 1.05 times greater than the productivity of a conveyor with a screw working body.

The quality of plant material obtained from cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants depends on several important factors, including harvesting, which must be carried out according to the requirements of each cultivation technology. Current producers, especially those who grow these species on small and medium-sized areas, face the high price of labour or its acute shortage, as well as limited access to specialized equipment. The paper provides a brief summary of current concerns about mechanised harvesting of inflorescences of medicinal species cultivated on a small-scale, with mechanisation generally being a guarantee of economic efficiency and quality.

The aerodynamic air ducts in the poultry house significantly affect the poultry keeping and ensure air quality. Stagnant zones ultimately worsen the quality of output and many other factors that contribute to this. To improve the aerodynamics in the poultry house, authors proposed to install exhaust ventilation equipment on the upper line – 2.18 m above floor level. New scientific and practical results of CFD modeling show improved aerodynamic characteristics near exhaust fans. On the plane of the room at a height of 0.7 m from the floor level, the average air velocity is 0.696 m/s. In certain areas the air velocity is kept at 1.5 m/s. When the exhaust fans are located on the upper line, the so-called "tunnel effect" is created, which allows, in the warm period of the year, not to use additional equipment of the microclimate system to create a tunnel ventilation system.

Apple planting process is often accompanied by the impact of a variety of diseases. A single apple leaf often presents the situation of multiple diseases occurring at the same time, which brings great challenges to fruit farmers rapid diagnosis and correct control. In this paper, aiming at the rapid detection and recognition of multi-category apple leaf disease, a multi-target detection model is constructed to realize the rapid detection and recognition of single leaf and multi leaf, single disease and multi disease. Through the technical means of manual labeling, data enhancement and parameter optimization, Yolo v4, SSD and Efficientdet are selected to train and evaluate the apple leaf disease data set. The results show that the target detection model based on Yolo v4 achieves better training effect, and its mAP value is 83.34%. The model can meet the needs of rapid disease spot detection and recognition of single leaf single disease and multi leaf multi disease in natural environment.

With the development of modern breeding industry, it is very important to count sheep accurately. In the past, herdsmen used manual statistics to count and manage sheep, which was time-consuming, laborious and often had large errors. In recent years, machine learning methods are widely used in automatic target recognition, which can replace manual labor. This system is based on YOLOv5 algorithm for sheep counting management. The counting of sheep was controlled by two - way counting. This improves the accuracy of counting, saves a lot of manpower and material resources for herdsmen, and greatly promotes the management of animal husbandry.

A drum-type hot air tea roasting machine was designed to improve the quality of the roasted tea. The basic structure and working principle of the machine were studied theoretically and experimentally. The CFD-DEM coupled method and the Box-Behnken experimental design method were introduced to analyse the influence of the shape of the anti-skid bars and working rotating speed on the tea-roasting quality. The optimum combination of the working parameters with the height of the anti-skid bar is 30 cm, the figure of the anti-skid bar is 6, the rotating speed of the roller is 15 r/min, the broken-tea ratio is 2.15%, and the tea’s sensory appraisal index is 89.32. The comprehensive performance index was better.

Aiming at the problems of high moisture content of stems during buckwheat harvesting and easy clogging of grid concave plates, a telescopic rod tooth-ribbed rod roller type threshing device was designed. The device is mainly composed of a ribbed rod roller and telescopic rod teeth. When the ribbed rod roller type rotates, the telescopic rod teeth do reciprocating telescopic motion. When the rod teeth rotate to the minimum threshing gap, the outstretch length is the smallest. When the rod teeth rotate to the top, the outstretch length maximum. The device solves the problems of poor material flow between threshing devices and clogging of grid concave plates. This threshing device was attached to the threshing performance test bench, and the buckwheat threshing test was performed. Through the single factor test, the threshing parameter range under the condition of low loss rate and damage rate of the threshing device was obtained: the speed of the threshing roller is 350~450 r/min, the feeding amount is 0.8~1.2 kg/s, and the threshing gap is 9~11 mm. Through the quadratic orthogonal rotation combination test, the results were fitted by multiple linear regression, and the regression equations of the loss rate and the broken rate were obtained, and the significance test was carried out. The response surface analysis of the main influencing factors was carried out to explore the influence of threshing parameters on the loss rate and damage rate. Through parameter optimization, the threshing parameter combination with the lowest loss rate and damage rate of the threshing device was obtained. The speed of the threshing roller is 405.47 r/min, the feed amount is 1.06 kg/s, and the threshing gap is 10.49 mm. Under these conditions, the loss rate is 0.05%, and the damage rate is 4.05%. The overall performance of the threshing device is good, which provides a theoretical basis for the research and development of buckwheat mechanized harvesting equipment.

Low productivity and high price are considered problems of the apricot kernel breaking machine, which is widely used in current apricot production. In this paper developed an apricot kernel breaking machine was designed and the mechanical properties of apricot kernel by a shell breaking machine were analysed, and the key working parts of the shell breaking machine was designed. The structure and the working parameters of the shell breaking machine are the key factors affecting the shell breaking performance determined. In this paper, the effect of shell breaking was investigated by using shell breaking clearance, feeding speed and differential speed ratio of rollers as test factors and shell breaking rate and almond damage rate as evaluation indicators, the results of the test showed that the effects of all factors on the shell breaking rate and almond damage rate were: shell breaking clearance > feeding speed > differential speed ratio; according to the results of single factor test and orthogonal test, the machine can achieve a better shell breaking performance and work efficiency when the shell breaking clearance was 8.5 mm, the feeding speed was 350 kg/h and the differential speed ratio was 1.75. The validation experiment was carried out with the optimal parameters’ combination. The shell breaking rate and almond damage rate were 99.04 % and 2.28 %, respectively, which provided a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of the apricot kernel breaking machine.

The article presents results obtained in the experimental research of agricultural aggregates intended for soil processing, with special reference to rotary harrows with vertical axis rotor. The authors approach the description of the working process of these machines from a systemic point of view. The general systemic picture is suitable for researching the work processes of many machines and work processes in agriculture and generally in technology, science and technology. Specifically, this approach applies to the aggregate consisting of tractor and rotary agricultural harrow. The efficiency of the results consists in their use in the prediction and optimization of the working process.

In the past decade, fast and non-destructive methods based on spectroscopy technology have been studied to detect and discriminate against food adulteration and agro-products. Numerous linear and nonlinear chemometric approaches have been developed for spectroscopy analysis. Recently, various approaches have been developed for spectroscopic calibration modeling to detect and discriminate adulteration food and agro-products. This article discusses the application of spectroscopy technology, including near infrared and infrared, in detecting and discriminating the adulteration of food and agro-products based on recent research and delivered a critical assessment on this topic to serve as lessons from current studies and future outlooks. The current state-of-the-art techniques, including detection and classification of various adulteration in food and agro-products, have been addressed in this paper. Key findings from this study, near infrared and infrared spectroscopy is a non-destructive, rapid, simple-preparation, analytical rapidity, and straightforward method for classification and determination of adulteration in the food and agro-products so it is suitable for large-scale screening and on-site detection. Although there are still some unsatisfactory research results, especially in detecting tiny adductors, these technologies can potentially detect any adulteration in the various food and agro-products at an economically viable level, at least for the initial screening process. In that respect, near infrared and infrared spectroscopy should be expanded to cover all food and agro-products sold in the market. Only then will there be an acceptable deterrent in place to stop adulteration activity in widely consumed food and agro-products ingredients.

In view of the low level of mechanized sowing and harvesting technology of buckwheat, the operation quality of mechanized production equipment needs to be improved, which can not adapt to the production practice of the rapid development of buckwheat industry at this stage in China. This paper summarized the scale of buckwheat production in the world in recent years. The main planting provinces and yields of buckwheat in China were analyzed. The problems of mechanized sowing and harvesting of buckwheat in China were analyzed. The typical machines used in production at present and their characteristics were described. It is pointed out that the future research on Buckwheat seeding technology and equipment should focus on precision seeding technology, trencher anti-blocking technology, key technology of community seeding, intelligent monitoring system. At the same time, it also pointed out that the mechanized harvesting technology and equipment of buckwheat should focus on the research of agricultural machinery and agronomy integration technology, hilly and mountainous harvesting technology, community harvesting technology, harvesting operation technical specifications and quality standards. The summary of mechanized seeding and harvesting technology of buckwheat at the present stage is expected to provide reference for the development of China s buckwheat industry.

Aiming at the problems of high grain entrainment loss rate and impurity rate of traditional horizontal axial-flow combine harvesters, a horizontal axial-flow threshing-separating device with coaxial differential threshing drum, conical cleaning fan, double-layer vibrating screen and spiral plate-tooth re-thresher is designed. Meanwhile, a test-bed with a feeding rate of 2 kg/s is designed to improve the device performance. The test through quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design method is used to inspect the effects of the differential drumspeed combination, conical fan blade taper, and length ratio of the high and low speed sections of the differential drum on the loss rate, crushing rate , impurity rate and threshing power consumption. The regression mathematical models of the loss rate, crushing rate, impurity content and threshing power consumption are established, and the multi-objective optimization calculation of the regression mathematical model is carried out by using MATLAB optimization toolbox. The results show that the order of the three factors affecting the loss rate and impurity content of the horizontal axial-flow threshing-separating device is the differential drumspeed combination, the conical fan bladetaper, and the length ratio of high and low speed sections of the differential drum. The field test results show that the performance index of the horizontal axial-flow separation device is better than the requirements of the national standard.

In order to better detect the working parameters of the seed metering device and further improve the performance of the seed metering device, a set of test-bed control system of seed metering device based on fuzzy PID was designed. The PID parameters are mainly used for on-line fuzzy self-tuning to realize the dynamic adjustment of the speed of the seed metering shaft, so as to ensure the fast adjustment of the speed of the seed metering device. Through the simulation of conventional PID control and fuzzy PID control by matlab, the response curve of the control system is obtained. From the response curve, it can be seen that the step response time of fuzzy PID control is about 0.15s, which is much higher than that of conventional PID control, and the work is stable and there is no overshoot. The bench test is carried out in the laboratory and the fuzzy PID control system is applied to the test-bed, and the actual speed regulation effect of the motor and the performance indexes of the seed metering device test-bed are obtained. The bench test shows that when the fuzzy control system is used to carry out the seed metering device test on the test bench, the qualified grain distance index of the seed metering device is maintained above 91%, the coefficient of variation of the qualified grain distance is less than 4%, the missing sowing index is less than 7%, and the replay index is less than 5%. All meet the national standard requirements of single-grain precision seed metering device.

To realize the real-time remote monitoring of the jujube orchard environment and the prediction of irrigation amount, an intelligent irrigation system was designed in this study by using sensors, Internet of Things (IoT), and backpropagation (BP) neural network. In this system, the jujube tree is taken as the test object, the meteorological data are used as the model feature input vector, the BP neural network prediction model is used to predict the water demand of the crop, and data visualization monitoring and remote control of the irrigation switch are realized using the IoT platform and mobile terminal platform.

Physiological index data and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) spectral data of rice seed samples from three varieties harvested in different years were collected through a combination of the standard germination test and an LF-NMR test. Three parameters of seed vigor: germination energy, germination percentage, and germination index, were calculated based on the physiological index data of the rice seed samples to determine their vigor over the years after harvest. LF-NMR Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence echo-peak data were used as the input, and rice seed vigor was used as the output to establish discriminative models using principal component analysis, support vector machine, logistic regression, K-nearest neighbor, artificial neural network, and Fisher’s linear discriminant. The results showed that models constructed using any algorithm, except for principal components analysis-algorithm distinguished between seeds with high and low vigor, while models constructed using Fisher’s linear discriminant algorithm gave the best results. This study provided a rapid, accurate, and non-destructive method to test rice seed vigor, offering theoretical support and a reference for rice seed-sorting and storage research.

In view of the obvious differences in the manifestations of the same diseases in apples at different stages of the disease, different diseases show certain similarities, and the early symptoms of the disease are not obvious. For these problems, a new model attention residual network (ARNet) was introduced based on the combination of attention and residual thought. The model introduces the multi-layer attention modules to solve the problems of early disease location dispersion and features that are difficult to extract. In order to avoid network degradation, a residual module was constructed to effectively integrate high and low-level features, and data augment technology was introduced to prevent the model from over-fitting. The proposed model (ARNet) achieved an average accuracy of 99.49% on the test set of 4 kinds of apple leaf diseases with real complex backgrounds. Compared with the models ResNet50 (99.19%) and MobileNetV2 (98.17%), it had better classification performance. The model proposed in this paper had strong robustness and high stability and can provide a reference for the intelligent diagnosis of apple leaf diseases in practical applications.

In hyperspectral remote sensing images, desert steppe vegetation, bare soil, and rat holes appear as micro-patches. The spectral feature analysis of micro-patches is the basis for identification and classification and also the basis for quantitative remote sensing monitoring of ground objects. Inner Mongolia desert steppe micro-patch as the research object extracts the spectral reflectance of different micro-patches, performs various vegetation index calculations, quantitatively analyzes the spectral characteristics of different micro-patches, and proposes a micro-patch spectral analysis method. Classification of high-resolution hyperspectral images of desert steppe surface micropatches. The results show that: (1) There are pronounced differences in the spectral reflectance of the three types of surface micro-patches. The vegetation has apparent characteristics in the green wave reflection peak and the red wave absorption valley. The spectral reflectance of the bare soil is higher than that of the mouse hole, and the two have been increasing. The trend is increasing slowly; (2) The proposal and application of the MSA index can effectively realize the identification and classification of surface micropatches, and the Kappa coefficient has reached 0.906 through confusion matrix verification. The above spectral analysis method realizes the classification and identification of complex ground objects using near-ground remote sensing images. It provides new ideas and methods for accurate quantitative statistics of desert grassland ecological information.